This is consistent with the lack of tiger fossils from the Indian subcontinent prior to the late Pleistocene, and the absence of tigers from Sri Lanka, which was separated from the subcontinent by rising sea levels in the early Holocene. The pattern of genetic variation in the Bengal tiger corresponds to the premise that it arrived in India approximately 12,000 years ago. The Bengal tiger is defined by three distinct mitochondrial nucleotide sites and 12 unique microsatellite alleles. Results of a genetic analysis of 32 tiger samples indicate that the Bengal tiger samples grouped into a different monophyletic clade than the Siberian tiger samples. tigris since the revision of felid taxonomy in 2017. The extinct and living tiger populations in continental Asia have been subsumed to P. tigris constitutes two clades: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly in Sundaland. Therefore, it was proposed to recognise only two subspecies as valid, namely P. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. The validity of several tiger subspecies in continental Asia was questioned in 1999. Bengal is the traditional type locality of the species and the nominate subspecies Panthera tigris tigris. It was subordinated to the genus Panthera by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1929.
India's tiger population was estimated at 2,603–3,346 individuals by 2018.
Today, it inhabits India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and southern Tibet. The Bengal tiger's historical range covered almost all of India and into Pakistan's Indus River valley until the early 19th century. None of the Tiger Conservation Landscapes within its range is considered large enough to support an effective population of more than 250 adult individuals. Today, it is threatened by poaching, loss and fragmentation of habitat, and was estimated at comprising fewer than 2,500 wild individuals by 2011. The tiger is estimated to have been present in the Indian subcontinent since the Late Pleistocene, for about 12,000 to 16,500 years. It is considered to belong to the world's charismatic megafauna. It ranks among the biggest wild cats alive today. The Bengal tiger is a population of the Panthera tigris tigris subspecies.
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